Tuesday, February 26, 2013

Configuring OSPF






 Configuring OSPF


This chapter describes how to configure OSPF. For a complete description of the OSPF commands in this chapter, refer to the “OSPF Commands” chapter of the Network Protocols Command Reference, Part 1. To locate documentation of other commands that appear in this chapter, use the command reference master index or search online.

Open shortest path first (OSPF) is an IGP developed by the OSPF working group of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Designed expressly for IP networks, OSPF supports IP subnetting and tagging of externally derived routing information. OSPF also allows packet authentication and uses IP multicast when sending/receiving packets.

We support RFC 1253, Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) MIB, August 1991. The OSPF MIB defines an IP routing protocol that provides management information related to OSPF and is supported by Cisco routers.

For protocol-independent features, see the chapter “Configuring IP Routing Protocol-Independent Features” in this document.


Cisco’s OSPF Implementation

Cisco’s implementation conforms to the OSPF Version 2 specifications detailed in the Internet RFC 1583. The list that follows outlines key features supported in Cisco’s OSPF implementation:
     Stub areas—Definition of stub areas is supported.

     Route redistribution—Routes learned via any IP routing protocol can be redistributed into any other IP routing protocol. At the intradomain level, this means that OSPF can import routes learned via IGRP, RIP, and IS-IS. OSPF routes can also be exported into IGRP, RIP, and IS-IS. At the interdomain level, OSPF can import routes learned via EGP and BGP. OSPF routes can be exported into EGP and BGP.

     Authentication—Plain text and MD5 authentication among neighboring routers within an area is supported.

     Routing interface parameters—Configurable parameters supported include interface output cost, retransmission interval, interface transmit delay, router priority, router “dead” and hello intervals, and authentication key.

     Virtual links—Virtual links are supported.

     NSSA areas—RFC 1587.

     OSPF over demand circuit—RFC 1793.








OSPF Configuration Task List


Note To take advantage of the OSPF stub area support, default routing must be used in the stub area.

OSPF Configuration Task List

OSPF typically requires coordination among many internal routers, area border routers (routers connected to multiple areas), and autonomous system boundary routers. At a minimum, OSPF-based routers or access servers can be configured with all default parameter values, no authentication, and interfaces assigned to areas. If you intend to customize your environment, you must ensure coordinated configurations of all routers.

To configure OSPF, complete the tasks in the following sections. Enabling OSPF is mandatory; the other tasks are optional, but might be required for your application.





In addition, you can specify route redistribution; see the task “Redistribute Routing Information” in the chapter “Configuring IP Routing Protocol-Independent Features” for information on how to configure route redistribution.














 Enable OSPF


Enable OSPF

As with other routing protocols, enabling OSPF requires that you create an OSPF routing process, specify the range of IP addresses to be associated with the routing process, and assign area IDs to be associated with that range of IP addresses. Perform the following tasks, starting in global configuration mode:
Task

Command



Step 1
Enable OSPF routing, which places you
router ospf process-id

in router configuration mode.




Step 2
Define an interface on which OSPF runs
network address wildcard-mask area area-id

and define the area ID for that interface.






Configure OSPF Interface Parameters

Our OSPF implementation allows you to alter certain interface-specific OSPF parameters, as needed. You are not required to alter any of these parameters, but some interface parameters must be consistent across all routers in an attached network. Those parameters are controlled by the ip ospf hello-interval, ip ospf dead-interval, and ip ospf authentication-key. commands. Therefore, be sure that if you do configure any of these parameters, the configurations for all routers on your network have compatible values.

In interface configuration mode, specify any of the following interface parameters as needed for your network:
Task
Command


Explicitly specify the cost of sending a packet on
ip ospf cost cost
an OSPF interface.



Specify the number of seconds between link state
ip ospf retransmit-interval seconds
advertisement retransmissions for adjacencies

belonging to an OSPF interface.



Set the estimated number of seconds it takes to
ip ospf transmit-delay seconds
transmit a link state update packet on an OSPF

interface.



Set priority to help determine the OSPF
ip ospf priority number
designated router for a network.



Specify the length of time, in seconds, between
ip ospf hello-interval seconds
the hello packets that the Cisco IOS software

sends on an OSPF interface.



Set the number of seconds that a device’s hello
ip ospf dead-interval seconds
packets must not have been seen before its

neighbors declare the OSPF router down.



Assign a specific password to be used by
ip ospf authentication-key key
neighboring OSPF routers on a network segment

that is using OSPF’s simple password

authentication.



Enable OSPF MD5 authentication.
ip ospf message-digest-key keyid md5 key













Configure OSPF over Different Physical Networks


Configure OSPF over Different Physical Networks

OSPF classifies different media into the following three types of networks by default:

     Broadcast networks (Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI)

     Nonbroadcast multiaccess networks (SMDS, Frame Relay, X.25)

     Point-to-point networks (HDLC, PPP)

You can configure your network as either a broadcast or a nonbroadcast multiaccess network.

X.25 and Frame Relay provide an optional broadcast capability that can be configured in the map to allow OSPF to run as a broadcast network. See the x25 map and frame-relay map command descriptions in the Wide-Area Networking Command Reference for more detail.


Configure Your OSPF Network Type

You have the choice of configuring your OSPF network type as either broadcast or nonbroadcast multiaccess, regardless of the default media type. Using this feature, you can configure broadcast networks as nonbroadcast multiaccess networks when, for example, you have routers in your network that do not support multicast addressing. You also can configure nonbroadcast multiaccess networks (such as X.25, Frame Relay, and SMDS) as broadcast networks. This feature saves you from having to configure neighbors, as described in the section  “Configure OSPF for Nonbroadcast Networks.”

Configuring nonbroadcast, multiaccess networks as either broadcast or nonbroadcast assumes that there are virtual circuits from every router to every router or fully meshed network. This is not true for some cases, for example, because of cost constraints, or when you have only a partially meshed network. In these cases, you can configure the OSPF network type as a point-to-multipoint network. Routing between two routers not directly connected will go through the router that has virtual circuits to both routers. Note that you must not configure neighbors when using this feature.

An OSPF point-to-multipoint interface is defined as a numbered point-to-point interface having one or more neighbors. It creates multiple host routes. An OSPF point-to-multipoint network has the following benefits compared to nonbroadcast multiaccess and point-to-point networks:

     Point-to-multipoint is easier to configure because it requires no configuration of neighbor commands, it consumes only one IP subnet, and it requires no designated router election.

     It costs less because it does not require a fully meshed topology.

     It is more reliable because it maintains connectivity in the event of virtual circuit failure.

To configure your OSPF network type, perform the following task in interface configuration mode:
Task
Command


Configure the OSPF network type for a specified
ip ospf network {broadcast | non-broadcast |
interface.
point-to-multipoint}



See the  “OSPF Point-to-Multipoint Example” section at the end of this chapter for an example of an OSPF point-to-multipoint network.


Configure OSPF for Nonbroadcast Networks

Because there might be many routers attached to an OSPF network, a designated router is selected for the network. It is necessary to use special configuration parameters in the designated router selection if broadcast capability is not configured.


 Configure OSPF Area Parameters


These parameters need only be configured in those devices that are themselves eligible to become the designated router or backup designated router (in other words, routers or access servers with a nonzero router priority value).

To configure routers that interconnect to nonbroadcast networks, perform the following task in router configuration mode:
Task
Command


Configure routers or access servers
neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval
interconnecting to nonbroadcast networks.
seconds]



You can specify the following neighbor parameters, as required:

     Priority for a neighboring router

     Nonbroadcast poll interval

     Interface through which the neighbor is reachable


Configure OSPF Area Parameters

Our OSPF software allows you to configure several area parameters. These area parameters, shown in the following table, include authentication, defining stub areas, and assigning specific costs to the default summary route. Authentication allows password-based protection against unauthorized access to an area.

Stub areas are areas into which information on external routes is not sent. Instead, there is a default external route generated by the area border router, into the stub area for destinations outside the autonomous system. To further reduce the number of link state advertisements sent into a stub area, you can configure no-summary on the ABR to prevent it from sending summary link advertisement (link state advertisements Type 3) into the stub area.

In router configuration mode, specify any of the following area parameters as needed for your network:
Task
Command


Enable authentication for an OSPF area.
area area-id authentication


Enable MD5 authentication for an OSPF area.
area area-id authentication message-digest


Define an area to be a stub area.
area area-id stub [no-summary]


Assign a specific cost to the default summary
area area-id default-cost cost
route used for the stub area.





Configure OSPF Not So Stubby Area (NSSA)

NSSA area is similar to OSPF stub area. NSSA does not flood Type 5 external link state advertisements (LSAs) from the core into the area, but it has the ability of importing AS external routes in a limited fashion within the area.

NSSA allows importing of Type 7 AS external routes within NSSA area by redistribution. These Type 7 LSAs are translated into Type 5 LSAs by NSSA ABR which are flooded throughout the whole routing domain. Summarization and filtering are supported during the translation.

Use NSSA to simplify administration if you are an Internet service provider (ISP), or a network administrator that must connect a central site using OSPF to a remote site that is using a different routing protocol.





Configure Route Summarization between OSPF Areas


Prior to NSSA, the connection between the corporate site border router and the remote router could not be run as OSPF stub area because routes for the remote site cannot be redistributed into stub area. A simple protocol like RIP is usually run and handle the redistribution. This meant maintaining two routing protocols. With NSSA, you can extend OSPF to cover the remote connection by defining the area between the corporate router and the remote router as an NSSA.

In router configuration mode, specify the following area parameters as needed to configure OSPF NSSA:
Task
Command


Define an area to be NSSA.
area area-id nssa [no-redistribution]

[default-information-originate]



In router configuration mode on the ABR, specify the following command to control summarization and filtering of Type 7 LSA into Type 5 LSA:
Task
Command


(Optional) Control the summarization and
summary address prefix mask [not advertise] [tag tag]
filtering during the translation.





Implementation Considerations

Evaluate the following considerations before implementing this feature:

     You can set a Type 7 default route that can be used to reach external destinations. When configured, the router generates a Type 7 default into the NSSA by the NSSA ABR.

     Every router within the same area must agree that the area is NSSA; otherwise, the routers will not be able to communicate with each other.

If possible, avoid using explicit redistribution on NSSA ABR because confusion may result over which packets are being translated by which router.


Configure Route Summarization between OSPF Areas

Route summarization is the consolidation of advertised addresses. This feature causes a single summary route to be advertised to other areas by an ABR. In OSPF, an ABR will advertise networks in one area into another area. If the network numbers in an area are assigned in a way such that they are contiguous, you can configure the ABR to advertise a summary route that covers all the individual networks within the area that fall into the specified range.

To specify an address range, perform the following task in router configuration mode:
Task
Command


Specify an address range for which a single
area area-id range address mask [advertise |
route will be advertised.
not-advertise]













 Configure Route Summarization when Redistributing Routes into OSPF


Configure Route Summarization when Redistributing Routes into OSPF

When redistributing routes from other protocols into OSPF (as described in the chapter “Configuring IP Routing Protocol-Independent Features”), each route is advertised individually in an external link state advertisement (LSA). However, you can configure the Cisco IOS software to advertise a single route for all the redistributed routes that are covered by a specified network address and mask. Doing so helps decrease the size of the OSPF link state database.

To have the software advertise one summary route for all redistributed routes covered by a network address and mask, perform the following task in router configuration mode:
Task
Command


Specify an address and mask that covers
summary-address address mask
redistributed routes, so only one summary route is

advertised.





Create Virtual Links

In OSPF, all areas must be connected to a backbone area. If there is a break in backbone continuity, or the backbone is purposefully partitioned, you can establish a virtual link. The two end points of a virtual link are Area Border Routers. The virtual link must be configured in both routers. The configuration information in each router consists of the other virtual endpoint (the other ABR), and the nonbackbone area that the two routers have in common (called the transit area). Note that virtual links cannot be configured through stub areas.

To establish a virtual link, perform the following task in router configuration mode:
Task
Command


Establish a virtual link.
area area-id virtual-link router-id [hello-interval seconds]

[retransmit-interval seconds] [transmit-delay seconds]

[dead-interval seconds] [[authentication-key key] |

[message-digest-key keyid md5 key]]



To display information about virtual links, use the show ip ospf virtual-links EXEC command. To display the router ID of an OSPF router, use the show ip ospf EXEC command.


Generate a Default Route

You can force an autonomous system boundary router to generate a default route into an OSPF routing domain. Whenever you specifically configure redistribution of routes into an OSPF routing domain, the router automatically becomes an autonomous system boundary router. However, an autonomous system boundary router does not, by default, generate a default route into the OSPF routing domain.

To force the autonomous system boundary router to generate a default route, perform the following task in router configuration mode:
Task
Command


Force the autonomous system boundary router
default-information originate [always] [metric
to generate a default route into the OSPF
metric-value] [metric-type type-value] [route-map
routing domain.
map-name]








Configure Lookup of DNS Names


See the discussion of redistribution of routes in the “Configuring IP Routing Protocol-Independent Features” chapter.


Configure Lookup of DNS Names

You can configure OSPF to look up Domain Naming System (DNS) names for use in all OSPF show command displays. This feature makes it easier to identify a router, because it is displayed by name rather than by its router ID or neighbor ID.

To configure DNS name lookup, perform the following task in global configuration mode:
Task
Command


Configure DNS name lookup.
ip ospf name-lookup




Force the Router ID Choice with a Loopback Interface

OSPF uses the largest IP address configured on the interfaces as its router ID. If the interface associated with this IP address is ever brought down, or if the address is removed, the OSPF process must recalculate a new router ID and resend all its routing information out its interfaces.

If a loopback interface is configured with an IP address, the Cisco IOS software will use this IP address as its router ID, even if other interfaces have larger IP addresses. Since loopback interfaces never go down, greater stability in the routing table is achieved.

OSPF automatically prefers a loopback interface over any other kind, and it chooses the highest IP address among all loopback interfaces. If no loopback interfaces are present, the highest IP address in the router is chosen. You cannot tell OSPF to use any particular interface.

To configure an IP address on a loopback interface, perform the following tasks, starting in global configuration mode:
Task

Command



Step 1
Create a loopback interface, which
interface loopback 0

places you in interface configuration


mode.




Step 2
Assign an IP address to this interface.
ip address address mask





Control Default Metrics

In Cisco IOS Release 10.3 and later, by default, OSPF calculates the OSPF metric for an interface according to the bandwidth of the interface. For example, a 64K link gets a metric of 1562, while a T1 link gets a metric of 64.

The OSPF metric is calculated as ref-bw divided by bandwidth, with ref-bw equal to 108 by default, and bandwidth determined by the bandwidth command. The calculation gives FDDI a metric of 1. If you have multiple links with high bandwidth, you might want to specify a larger number to differentiate the cost on those links. To do so, perform the following task in router configuration mode:
Task
Command


Differentiate high bandwidth links.
ospf auto-cost reference-bandwidth ref-bw






 Configure OSPF on Simplex Ethernet Interfaces


Configure OSPF on Simplex Ethernet Interfaces

Because simplex interfaces between two devices on an Ethernet represent only one network segment, for OSPF you must configure the transmitting interface to be a passive interface. This prevents OSPF from sending hello packets for the transmitting interface. Both devices are able to see each other via the hello packet generated for the receiving interface.

To configure OSPF on simplex Ethernet interfaces, perform the following task in router configuration mode:
Task
Command


Suppress the sending of hello packets through
passive-interface type number
the specified interface.





Configure Route Calculation Timers

You can configure the delay time between when OSPF receives a topology change and when it starts a shortest path first (SPF) calculation. You can also configure the hold time between two consecutive SPF calculations. To do this, perform the following task in router configuration mode:
Task
Command


Configure route calculation timers.
timers spf spf-delay spf-holdtime




Configure OSPF over On Demand Circuits

The OSPF on demand circuit is an enhancement to the OSPF protocol that allows efficient operation over on demand circuits like ISDN, X.25 SVCs and dial-up lines. This feature supports RFC 1793,
Extending OSPF to Support Demand Circuits.

Prior to this feature, OSPF periodic hello and link state advertisements (LSAs) updates would be exchanged between routers that connected the on demand link, even when no changes occurred in the hello or LSA information.

With this feature, periodic hellos are suppressed and the periodic refreshes of LSAs are not flooded over the demand circuit. These packets bring up the link only when they are exchanged for the first time, or when a change occurs in the information they contain. This operation allows the underlying datalink layer to be closed when the network topology is stable.

This feature is useful when you want to connect telecommuters or branch offices to an OSPF backbone at a central site. In this case, OSPF for on demand circuits allows the benefits of OSPF over the entire domain, without excess connection costs. Periodic refreshes of hello updates, LSA updates, and other protocol overhead are prevented from enabling the on demand circuit when there is no “real” data to transmit.

Overhead protocols such as hellos and LSAs are transferred over the on demand circuit only upon initial setup and when they reflect a change in the topology. This means that critical changes to the topology that require new SPF calculations are transmitted in order to maintain network topology integrity. Periodic refreshes that do not include changes, however, are not transmitted across the link.

To configure OSPF for on demand circuits, perform the following tasks, beginning in global configuration mode:
Task

Command



Step 1
Enable OSPF operation.
router ospf process-id



Step 2
Configure OSPF on an on demand circuit.
ip ospf demand-circuit








Log Neighbor Changes


If the router is part of a point-to-point topology, then only one end of the demand circuit must be configured with this command. However, all routers must have this feature loaded.

If the router is part of a point-to-multipoint topology, only the multipoint end must be configured with this command.


Implementation Considerations

Evaluate the following considerations before implementing this feature:

     Because LSAs that include topology changes are flooded over an on demand circuit, it is advised to put demand circuits within OSPF stub areas, or within NSSAs to isolate the demand circuits from as many topology changes as possible.

     To take advantage of the on demand circuit functionality within a stub area or NSSA, every router in the area must have this feature loaded. If this feature is deployed within a regular area, all other regular areas must also support this feature before the demand circuit functionality can take effect. This is because type 5 external LSAs are flooded throughout all areas.

     You do not want to do on a broadcast-based network topology because the overhead protocols (such as hellos and LSAs) cannot be successfully suppressed, which means the link will remain up.


Log Neighbor Changes

To configure the router to send a syslog message when an OSPF neighbor state changes, perform the following task in router configuration mode:
Task
Command


Send syslog message when a neighbor state
ospf log-adj-changes
changes.




Configure this command if you want to know about OSPF neighbor changes without turning on the debugging command debug ip ospf adjacency. The ospf log-adj-changes command provides a higher level view of changes to the state of the peer relationship with less output.


Monitor and Maintain OSPF

You can display specific statistics such as the contents of IP routing tables, caches, and databases. Information provided can be used to determine resource utilization and solve network problems. You can also display information about node reachability and discover the routing path your device’s packets are taking through the network.

To display various routing statistics, perform the following tasks in EXEC mode:
Task
Command


Display general information about OSPF routing
show ip ospf [process-id]
processes.













 OSPF Configuration Examples


Task
Command




Display lists of information related to the OSPF
show ip ospf [process-id area-id] database

database.
show ip ospf [process-id area-id] database [router]




[link-state-id]


show ip ospf [process-id area-id] database [network]


[link-state-id]


show ip ospf [process-id area-id] database [summary]


[link-state-id]


show ip ospf [process-id area-id] database


[asb-summary] [link-state-id]


show ip ospf [process-id] database [external]


[link-state-id]


show ip ospf [process-id area-id] database


[database-summary]




Display the internal OSPF routing table entries to
show ip ospf border-routers

Area Border Router (ABR) and Autonomous


System Boundary Router (ASBR).





Display OSPF-related interface information.
show ip ospf interface [interface-name]




Display OSPF-neighbor information on a
show ip ospf neighbor [interface-name] [neighbor-id]

per-interface basis.
detail




Display a list of all LSAs requested by a router.
show ip ospf request-list [nbr] [intf] [intf-nbr]




Display a list of all LSAs waiting to be
show ip ospf retransmission-list [nbr] [intf] [intf-nbr]

retransmitted.





Display OSPF-related virtual links information.
show ip ospf virtual-links





OSPF Configuration Examples

The following sections provide OSPF configuration examples:




      Route Map Examples


OSPF Point-to-Multipoint Example

In  Figure 20, Mollie uses DLCI 201 to communicate with Neon, DLCI 202 to Jelly, and DLCI 203 to Platty. Neon uses DLCI 101 to communicate with Mollie and DLCI 102 to communicate with Platty. Platty communicates with Neon (DLCI 401) and Mollie (DLCI 402). Jelly communicates with Mollie (DLCI 301).










Mollie’s Configuration

hostname  mollie

!

interface  serial  1

ip  address  10.0.0.2  255.0.0.0

ip ospf network point-to-multipoint encapsulation frame-relay

frame-relay map ip 10.0.0.1 201 broadcast frame-relay map ip 10.0.0.3 202 broadcast frame-relay map ip 10.0.0.4 203 broadcast

!

router  ospf  1

network  10.0.0.0  0.0.0.255  area  0


Neon’s Configuration

hostname  neon

!

interface  serial  0

ip  address  10.0.0.1  255.0.0.0

ip ospf network point-to-multipoint encapsulation frame-relay

frame-relay map ip 10.0.0.2 101 broadcast frame-relay map ip 10.0.0.4 102 broadcast

!

router  ospf  1

network  10.0.0.0  0.0.0.255  area  0


Platty’s Configuration

hostname  platty

!

interface  serial  3

ip  address  10.0.0.4  255.0.0.0

ip ospf network point-to-multipoint encapsulation frame-relay
clock  rate  1000000

frame-relay map ip 10.0.0.1 401 broadcast frame-relay map ip 10.0.0.2 402 broadcast

!

router  ospf  1

network  10.0.0.0  0.0.0.255  area  0




OSPF Configuration Examples


Jelly’s Configuration

hostname  jelly

!

interface  serial  2

ip  address  10.0.0.3  255.0.0.0

ip ospf network point-to-multipoint encapsulation frame-relay
clock  rate  2000000

frame-relay  map  ip  10.0.0.2  301  broadcast

!

router  ospf  1

network  10.0.0.0  0.0.0.255  area  0


Variable-Length Subnet Masks Example

OSPF, static routes, and IS-IS support variable-length subnet masks (VLSMs). With VLSMs, you can use different masks for the same network number on different interfaces, which allows you to conserve IP addresses and more efficiently use available address space.

In the following example, a 30-bit subnet mask is used, leaving two bits of address space reserved for serial line host addresses. There is sufficient host address space for two host endpoints on a point-to-point serial link.

interface  ethernet  0

ip  address  131.107.1.1  255.255.255.0

!  8  bits  of  host  address  space  reserved  for  ethernets

interface  serial  0

ip  address  131.107.254.1  255.255.255.252

!  2  bits  of  address  space  reserved  for  serial  lines

! Router is configured for OSPF and assigned AS 107 router ospf 107

! Specifies network directly connected to the router network 131.107.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0.0.0.0


OSPF Routing and Route Redistribution Examples

OSPF typically requires coordination among many internal routers, area border routers, and autonomous system boundary routers. At a minimum, OSPF-based routers can be configured with all default parameter values, with no authentication, and with interfaces assigned to areas.

Three examples follow:

     The first is a simple configuration illustrating basic OSPF commands.

     The second example illustrates a configuration for an internal router, ABR, and ASBRs within a single, arbitrarily assigned, OSPF autonomous system.

     The third example illustrates a more complex configuration and the application of various tools available for controlling OSPF-based routing environments.


Basic OSPF Configuration Example

The following example illustrates a simple OSPF configuration that enables OSPF routing process 9000, attaches Ethernet 0 to area 0.0.0.0, and redistributes RIP into OSPF, and OSPF into RIP:

interface  ethernet  0

ip address 130.93.1.1 255.255.255.0 ip ospf cost 1




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